Vocabulary - By All Group Members
1/27/11
Augustine of Hippo: Born November 14, 354 C.E. Augustine was an important theologian in Western history. His work greatly influenced Luther and Calvin who started the Protestant movement later on in Western Europe.
Black Death: A plague that killed a third of Europe's population and was transmitted via fleas carried by rats. Introduced to Europe in 1347 C.E., the massive amount of death caused by the plague would change economic systems and collapse feudalism resulting in the ultimate creation of capitalism.
Charles Martel: Born August 23, 686 C.E. Charles Martel was a Frankish ruler who captured many territories and solidified his kingdom with an administration that helped create the feudalistic system that would dominate Western European politics.
Clovis: The first Frankish ruler to unit all of the Frankish tribes under one banner (who eventually became the French) and the first to rule over all of Gaul (which later became France).
Cluny: An Abbey located in the city by the same name, located in eastern France. Influenced Western architecture from the 10th -12th centuries until its eventual sacking in 1562.
Ferdinand and Isabella: Isabella was the queen of Castile who married Ferdinand, king of Aragon, in a political move that united Spain. This allowed them to begin a Reconquest of Iberian lands from the Muslims and, later on, fund an expedition that led to the discovery of America.
Carolingians: Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in the 10th century
Investiture: Practice of state appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory VII attempted to ban the practice of lay investiture, leading to war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV
Pope: Bishop of Rome; head of Christian Church in Western Europe
Moldboard: Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system
Third Crusade: end of 12th century, lead to the death of the German emperor and imprisonment of an English king; produced a brief truce with Saladin that allowed Christian pilgrims to visit Jerusalem
Beowulf: first known writing in early English
Battle of Tours: defeat of Muslims in France in 732 by Charles Martel, one of the founders of the Carolingian line
Peter Abelard – Author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine.
Raoul de Cambrai – Hero of a French epic written in the late 12th century who set fire to a convent filled with nuns during Lent, a time of fasting and repentance before Easter.
Scholasticism – Dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems.
Thomas Aquinas – (1225-1274) Creator of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of several Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order; moral law, and nature of God.
Three-field system – System of agricultural cultivation by 9th century in Western Europe; only a third of the land was left unplanted each year to regain fertility.
William the Conqueror – Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy.
Ibn-Rushd- a Spanish philosopher born in 1128 in Cordova; He made remarkable contributions in philosophy, logic, medicine, music and jurisprudence.
Feudalism- Feudalism was based on the exchange of land for military service.
Charlemagne- was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) from 800 to his death in 814, he expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe.
Pope Gregory VII-was Pope from April 22, 1073, until his death. One of the great reforming popes, he is perhaps best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor affirming the primacy of the papal authority and the new canon law governing the election of the pope by the college of cardinals
First Crusade- the First Crusade was an attempt to re-capture Jerusalem.
Francis of Assisi-was a Catholic friar and preacher. He founded the Franciscan Order, the woman’s Order of St. Clare, and the lay Third Order of Saint Francis. St. Francis is one of the most venerated religious figures in history.
Vikings- Seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweden, Denmark, and Norway. They disrupted coastal areas of Western Europe from the 8th to 11th century.
Song of Roland- An oral saga, dealing with the deeds of knights and mythic figures in the past that was written down in early French. Romanesque- Rectangular style of architecture that was sometimes surmounted by domes. Chivalry- Sum of ideal qualifications of a knight including courtesy, generosity, valor, and dexterity in arms . Romance of the Rose- A poem in France Franks- Royal house that grew in strength during the 8th century. Germanic tribe located in most of modern day France. Benedict of Nursia- Developed the most important set of monastic rules in the 6th century Fourth Crusade - A crusade lasting from 1202 to 1204 which began with the purpose to gain control of Jerusalem, but failed and turned into a battle for Constantinople.
Holy Roman Empire – The empire established by Charlemagne that lasted from 962 to 1806. It spanned a lot of Europe.
Hundred Years War - A war that took place in the 14th century between France and England. It was started after disputes regarding territories in France controlled by the English.
Magna Carta - Otherwise knows as the Great Charter, it was a document signed by King John outlining feudal rights and limiting the powers of monarchies.
Manorialism - An economic and political system in which serfs living on estates received protection in exchange for working on the land and turning in part of their crops.
Middle Ages - Period lasting from the fall of Rome up to the 15th century. It was also referred to as the postclassical period.
Crusades: Series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy.
Pope Urban II: Called for the first crusades in 1095
Parliaments: Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France.
Serfs: Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages.
Gothic: An architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls.
Bernard of Clairvaux: Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed the importance of strong mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities
Geoffrey Chaucer: (1343-1400) English author, poet, bureaucrat, and diplomat; sometimes referred to as the father of literature
Augustine of Hippo: Born November 14, 354 C.E. Augustine was an important theologian in Western history. His work greatly influenced Luther and Calvin who started the Protestant movement later on in Western Europe.
Black Death: A plague that killed a third of Europe's population and was transmitted via fleas carried by rats. Introduced to Europe in 1347 C.E., the massive amount of death caused by the plague would change economic systems and collapse feudalism resulting in the ultimate creation of capitalism.
Charles Martel: Born August 23, 686 C.E. Charles Martel was a Frankish ruler who captured many territories and solidified his kingdom with an administration that helped create the feudalistic system that would dominate Western European politics.
Clovis: The first Frankish ruler to unit all of the Frankish tribes under one banner (who eventually became the French) and the first to rule over all of Gaul (which later became France).
Cluny: An Abbey located in the city by the same name, located in eastern France. Influenced Western architecture from the 10th -12th centuries until its eventual sacking in 1562.
Ferdinand and Isabella: Isabella was the queen of Castile who married Ferdinand, king of Aragon, in a political move that united Spain. This allowed them to begin a Reconquest of Iberian lands from the Muslims and, later on, fund an expedition that led to the discovery of America.
Carolingians: Royal house of Franks after 8th century until their replacement in the 10th century
Investiture: Practice of state appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory VII attempted to ban the practice of lay investiture, leading to war with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV
Pope: Bishop of Rome; head of Christian Church in Western Europe
Moldboard: Heavy plow introduced in northern Europe during the Middle Ages; permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils; a technological innovation of the medieval agricultural system
Third Crusade: end of 12th century, lead to the death of the German emperor and imprisonment of an English king; produced a brief truce with Saladin that allowed Christian pilgrims to visit Jerusalem
Beowulf: first known writing in early English
Battle of Tours: defeat of Muslims in France in 732 by Charles Martel, one of the founders of the Carolingian line
Peter Abelard – Author of Yes and No; university scholar who applied logic to problems of theology; demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine.
Raoul de Cambrai – Hero of a French epic written in the late 12th century who set fire to a convent filled with nuns during Lent, a time of fasting and repentance before Easter.
Scholasticism – Dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems.
Thomas Aquinas – (1225-1274) Creator of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of several Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order; moral law, and nature of God.
Three-field system – System of agricultural cultivation by 9th century in Western Europe; only a third of the land was left unplanted each year to regain fertility.
William the Conqueror – Invaded England from Normandy in 1066; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy.
Ibn-Rushd- a Spanish philosopher born in 1128 in Cordova; He made remarkable contributions in philosophy, logic, medicine, music and jurisprudence.
Feudalism- Feudalism was based on the exchange of land for military service.
Charlemagne- was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum) from 800 to his death in 814, he expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe.
Pope Gregory VII-was Pope from April 22, 1073, until his death. One of the great reforming popes, he is perhaps best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor affirming the primacy of the papal authority and the new canon law governing the election of the pope by the college of cardinals
First Crusade- the First Crusade was an attempt to re-capture Jerusalem.
Francis of Assisi-was a Catholic friar and preacher. He founded the Franciscan Order, the woman’s Order of St. Clare, and the lay Third Order of Saint Francis. St. Francis is one of the most venerated religious figures in history.
Vikings- Seagoing Scandinavian raiders from Sweden, Denmark, and Norway. They disrupted coastal areas of Western Europe from the 8th to 11th century.
Song of Roland- An oral saga, dealing with the deeds of knights and mythic figures in the past that was written down in early French. Romanesque- Rectangular style of architecture that was sometimes surmounted by domes. Chivalry- Sum of ideal qualifications of a knight including courtesy, generosity, valor, and dexterity in arms . Romance of the Rose- A poem in France Franks- Royal house that grew in strength during the 8th century. Germanic tribe located in most of modern day France. Benedict of Nursia- Developed the most important set of monastic rules in the 6th century Fourth Crusade - A crusade lasting from 1202 to 1204 which began with the purpose to gain control of Jerusalem, but failed and turned into a battle for Constantinople.
Holy Roman Empire – The empire established by Charlemagne that lasted from 962 to 1806. It spanned a lot of Europe.
Hundred Years War - A war that took place in the 14th century between France and England. It was started after disputes regarding territories in France controlled by the English.
Magna Carta - Otherwise knows as the Great Charter, it was a document signed by King John outlining feudal rights and limiting the powers of monarchies.
Manorialism - An economic and political system in which serfs living on estates received protection in exchange for working on the land and turning in part of their crops.
Middle Ages - Period lasting from the fall of Rome up to the 15th century. It was also referred to as the postclassical period.
Crusades: Series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy.
Pope Urban II: Called for the first crusades in 1095
Parliaments: Bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized feudal principle that rulers should consult with their vassals; found in England, Spain, Germany, and France.
Serfs: Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages.
Gothic: An architectural style developed during the Middle Ages in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external supports on main walls.
Bernard of Clairvaux: Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic; stressed the importance of strong mystical union with God; successfully challenged Abelard and had him driven from the universities
Geoffrey Chaucer: (1343-1400) English author, poet, bureaucrat, and diplomat; sometimes referred to as the father of literature
